Presentation on the topic: Flora and fauna of Russia. The last slide of the presentation: Flora and fauna of Russia
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Flora and fauna of Russia.
Aims and objectives of the lesson: to get acquainted with the diversity of the flora and fauna of Russia; continue to develop the ability to analyze thematic maps.
In Russia, there are about 18 thousand plant species (including about 500 tree species) and approximately 130 thousand animal species (of which about 90 thousand are insects). How can this diversity be explained? First, the physical and geographical differences between the regions (temperature, precipitation, humidity, soil, relief features). Secondly, the geological history of the development of the territory.
The main types of vegetation in Russia. 1) arctic desert vegetation, 2) tundra vegetation, 3) forest vegetation (taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests), 4) steppe vegetation, 5) semi-desert and desert vegetation.
Describe one of the types of vegetation according to the plan: 1) In what natural zone is it located. 2) What climatic conditions are typical for it. 3) What soils dominate. 4) How plants adapt to natural conditions. 5) Typical plants.
Vegetation of the Arctic deserts. lichens novosiversia icy (arctic rose)
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Tundra vegetation. reindeer reindeer cranberries Polar willow
Forest vegetation (taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests). spruce fir aspen birch
Steppe vegetation. feather grass fescue thin-legged
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Vegetation of deserts and semi-deserts. wormwood hodgepodge
With the help of fig. 54 on page 141, the text of the textbook and the presentation, fill in the table. Animal world of Russia. Natural zone Typical animals Food base and adaptations of animals to living conditions Arctic desert Tundra Forests Steppes Deserts and semi-deserts
Animal world of Russia. Arctic desert. walrus polar bear seal bird colonies
Animal world of Russia. Tundra. Lemming Hare Snowy Owl Arctic Fox Ptarmigan Reindeer
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Adaptations of animals in the desert They have a general grayish-yellow or brown coloration similar to the color of the sands. They can do without water and food for a long time, some do not drink at all (they have enough moisture from plants). Some during the day, in the heat, sleep in burrows, and are active at night. Nests are arranged mainly in the ground, and not on its surface, they run fast. In some animals, large ears are pierced by a network of tiny blood vessels, and the wind blowing over these ears cools the blood washing around them. Eared Hedgehog Yellow Gopher
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Expand and deepen the understanding of the general features of the flora and fauna of Russia Consider the types of natural zones in Russia, the patterns of distribution of representatives of flora and fauna on the territory of Russia, Identify features of adaptation to the environment The purpose of the lesson
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The history of the formation of the territory Natural conditions: differences in the regime of light, temperature, humidity, nature of soils, relief) Human economic activity When you click on the book icon, two tips open
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1. The history of the formation of the territory Both plants and animals carry in their appearance and distribution features inherited from the distant past. Desert-steppe groups of plants and animals came to us from Central Asia. North American conifers penetrated from Alaska to the Far East. The specific features of our Far Eastern flora are combined with the originality of the Manchurian-Chinese fauna. The flora and fauna of Russia was greatly influenced by the Quaternary glaciation. Manchurian walnut
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Plants and animals are perfectly adapted to the natural conditions of their area. Trees in the forests, grasses in the steppes, dwarf and crooked forests in the tundra are all examples of the ideal adaptation of plants to their environment. Animals differ in appearance and adaptability to the same conditions - flying, running, climbing, swimming. In the placement of representatives of certain plant and animal species, patterns are traced, due to latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonality. 2. Natural conditions
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Why do natural zones in Russia change from north to south? Using a map, list the natural areas of our country. What adaptations of plants and animals do you know? What is it connected with?
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On the territory of Russia, there is a change from north to south of the following natural zones: arctic deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts, subtropical forests
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Organic World of Russia Plants Animals 18,000 species 130,000 species of which up to 90,000 species of insects 1450 710 350 160 Classes of vertebrates fish birds mammals amphibians 13500 500 grasses trees
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Indeed, animals are also located in the closest unity with plant communities: mammals, birds, reptiles, insects. Each species of animals, as well as plants, adapts to certain living conditions. Animals find sources of existence in the Arctic desert, and in the tundra, and in the sands, and on the plains, and in the mountains.
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The Arctic Desert The Arctic is called silent, dull, harsh, but it is also said that it is hospitable and charmingly beautiful. But only those who understand and know a lot about the Russian north can see its beauty.
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Flora of the Arctic deserts Few living organisms have adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic deserts. Vegetation on a surface free of ice and snow does not form a closed cover. These are cold deserts. The plants are dominated by mosses and lichens. Extremely rare, but there are some types of flowering plants: polar poppy, buttercup, saxifrage. Kukushkin flax Polar poppy Saxifrage Lichen
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Adaptations of plants in the Arctic Grow in places protected from the wind Low-growing, often creeping on the surface Cushion-shaped plants (allows warming up by the sun's rays) Using summer round-the-clock lighting, they have time to germinate from the seed, bloom and form seeds in a short time
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Animal world of the Arctic deserts The animal world is also scarce. Those fed by the sea predominate: walruses, seals, polar bears, etc. Noisy bird colonies are located on the rocky shores in summer. Walrus Seal Bird market Polar bear
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Animal adaptations in the Arctic White color Food only in the sea, so they all swim well There are no plants on land, so animals are mostly predators Protection from the cold - thick fur, thick skin and a layer of fat; birds have loose plumage Birds are migratory, bird colonies come to life only in spring, when the ice moves away from the coast Belek seal White owl
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Tundra Tundra is the realm of cold, snow, piercing wind, permafrost, snowstorms and snowstorms.
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Tundra Vegetation The first thing that catches your eye in the tundra is the absence of trees familiar to us. An endless plain stretches from horizon to horizon. Mosses, lichens and shrubs predominate. All plants prefer to huddle to the ground, hide behind each other, escaping from the icy wind. Even trees - dwarf birch and willow - almost do not rise above the grass. There are no annual plants - summer is too short for them .. Characteristic representatives of the tundra are: moss moss lichen, green mosses, lingonberries, crowberry, partridge grass, cassiopeia, arctic bluegrass, etc. Cassiopeia Cowberry Crowberry Partridge grass
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Adaptations of plants in the tundra Plants are perennials Low-growing, creeping along the ground Small leaves are often folded, covered with hair, have a wax coating Roots are located close to the surface Many plants in flowering state tolerate frosts Bright color of flowers attracts insects Dwarf birch
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Animal world of the tundra The animal world is poor in the number of species. Only a few of them have adapted to the existence in harsh winter conditions and do not leave the tundra all year round. These are lemmings, a white hare, a wolf, a white partridge, a snowy owl. One of the most common animals are foxes. In winter, they roam along rivers and sea coasts, and some go into the ice of the Arctic Ocean. Foxes are predators. Their main food is lemmings. Ptarmigan Reindeer Arctic fox Lemming
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Adaptations of animals in the tundra Light-colored fur in animals and plumage in birds Accumulation of a layer of subcutaneous fat Thick fur in animals, warm fluff in birds Insulation of limbs for the winter: polar foxes have warm insoles, birds have pubescent paws Winter hibernation Seasonal migrations Equipment for raking snow Reindeer - wide hooves, wandering in search of pastures Hare - white hare
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The forest zone occupies more than half of the territory of Russia. The forests of Russia are diverse in species composition and in the number of tree species. There is a gloomy dark coniferous taiga, and bright sunny pine forests, and majestic oak forests, and white-trunked birch forests, and unique mixed forests, and tall larch taiga. forest zone
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Taiga The word "taiga" from the language of many northern peoples means mountains covered with forests. By taiga, we mean a special kind of forest, namely coniferous. Taiga occupies about 80% of the forest area of Russia. It can consist of spruce, fir, pine, cedar, larch.
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Coniferous forests are diverse and change with distance from the ocean. The taiga vegetation of Russia is represented by dark coniferous forests of spruce and fir in the north, taiga cedar-larch forests in Siberia Taiga flora Spruce Cedar Pine
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Adaptations of plants in the taiga Taiga forests are usually formed by one layer of trees (since there is little light), under which there is a moss cover with lingonberry and blueberry shrubs and rare herbs. Almost all conifers are evergreen and thanks to the needles they can produce food all year round. Powerful roots Leaves are turned into needles with a waxy skin, which does not allow the needles to dry out. Some coniferous plants (larch) have adapted to shed their needles for the winter. Larch
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Fauna of the taiga Of the mammals in the taiga are widely distributed: elk, musk deer, squirrel, flying squirrel, chipmunk, white hare, brown bear, lynx, Siberian weasel, ermine, weasel. Typical taiga birds are capercaillie, Ural owl, hawk owl, boreal owl, three-toed woodpecker, cuckoo, nutcracker, bullfinch, white-winged crossbill and crossbill. There are also reptiles in the taiga - an ordinary viper and a viviparous lizard, and only one four-toed newt is widespread among amphibians. Lynx Weasel Tawny Owl
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Adaptations of animals in the taiga Store food for the winter Many animals grow thicker fur in winter and a protective coloration appears. Some animals arrange temporary dwellings in the snow. The hare, lynx and wolverine have wide paws. In capercaillie and hazel grouse, the fingers are trimmed with a horn-like fringe (it grows and helps birds to stay on icy tree branches.) Bears and chipmunks hibernate for the winter and live off fat reserves.
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Broad-leaved forest Broad-leaved forests grow in conditions of mild winters and long summers. These are the most species-rich forests. Since broad-leaved forests are very demanding on climatic conditions, they grow only in the European part of Russia.
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Flora of a broad-leaved forest In a deciduous forest, five tiers and more can be distinguished. The upper, first tier, is formed by tall trees - oak, linden, birch, elm. In the second tier there are trees of the second size - mountain ash, bird cherry, willow, wild apple tree. The third tier of the forest consists of shrubs that form an undergrowth - common hazel, honeysuckle, buckthorn, euonymus. The fourth tier of the forest consists of tall grasses - chistets, boron, wrestlers. The fifth tier of the forest is represented by lower grasses - goutweed, sedge, prolestenka, etc. The sixth tier - mosses, mushrooms, lichens. Bird cherry Elm Linden
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Adaptations of plants in a broad-leaved forest In a deciduous forest, five tiers or more can be distinguished. The adaptation of deciduous trees to the change of seasons is leaf fall.
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Fauna of deciduous forests The most common animals in deciduous forests are: lynx, forest cat, brown bear, marten, polecat, mink, weasel, squirrel, several species of dormouse. Birds are especially numerous here: woodpeckers, wood pigeon, oriole, chaffinch, forest lark, tits, black and song thrushes, nightingale, robin. Often found in broad-leaved forests are green and viviparous lizards, spindles, copperheads and common vipers, and from amphibians - grass and moor frogs and tree frogs. Oriole Spindle Mink Brown bear
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Animal adaptations in a deciduous forest Forests are characterized by a tiered distribution of animals. Relatively high density of land animals (deer, wild boars, etc.), many birds. Of the birds, insectivorous and granivorous predominate here. They hide in nests, hollows and burrows For the winter, cold-blooded animals (insects, amphibians, reptiles) fall into a state of suspended animation (life processes are slowed down). Some of the birds and mammals migrate to warmer regions, others hibernate and only a few are active all year round. Squirrel Ferret
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Flora of the steppes There are no trees in the steppe, because they lack moisture. Typical steppe plants are turf grasses with narrow leaves: feather grass, fescue, thin-legged. Along with them, forbs are always present in the composition of the steppe communities. Iris Tipchak Tonkonog
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Plant adaptations in the steppe. Annuals predominate. Some of them - tulips, irises - bloom in the spring, until the summer heat sets in and there is enough moisture in the soil. Many cereals form a powerful root system that absorbs melt and rain water and retains it for a long time. They tolerate severe drought due to very narrow leaves that evaporate little moisture. Many plants protect themselves from the sun's rays with the help of pubescence. Stipa Tulip
Flora and fauna of Russia Flora of Russia
- The flora of Russia is one of the most important components of nature, which is represented by a combination of various plant communities growing on the territory of Russia. The wide variety of climatic conditions and soil cover, as well as the influence of past geological epochs and increasing human activity, leads to the existence of many types of vegetation that have complex combinations with each other.
- For Russia, the following types of vegetation are most characteristic: tundra, forest, steppe, desert, meadow and marsh.
- Forests occupy 45% of the country's territory.
- Coniferous forests occupy about 80% of the forest area in Russia. They are divided into dark coniferous (spruce, fir, cedar) and light coniferous (pine, larch).
- Broad-leaved forests are common on the East European Plain, in the southern part of the Far East, in the lower parts of the Caucasus Mountains.
- In the steppes, communities of herbaceous plants grow that tolerate a lack of moisture in the soil. These are mainly feather grass, fescue, thin-legged, legumes, and there are many meadow plants.
- Human economic activity has greatly changed the natural vegetation cover of the steppes.
- In Russia, deserts are common only in the Caspian lowland. The plants of this zone are characterized by high drought resistance, they have a powerful root system, a small leaf surface area. Basically, these are various types of wormwood and saltwort.
- In the meadows grow communities of herbaceous plants that develop under moderate moisture conditions. Almost all meadow plants are perennials.
- Communities of moisture-loving plants grow in swamps. This type includes mosses, shrubs, herbaceous plants and even some types of trees. Most of the swamps of Russia are located in Western Siberia.
- Tundra plants are formed with a lack of heat, so they are adapted to a short cool growing season, are perennials, have dwarf growth, and tend to reduce moisture evaporation (they have small leaves, strong pubescence, wax coating, etc.). Characteristic representatives of the tundra: green mosses, reindeer moss, cowberry, crowberry, partridge grass, cassiopeia, dwarf birch, polar willows, polar poppy, arctic bluegrass and others.
- The tundra zone covers about 10% of the territory of Russia. In addition to deer (used by the local population on the farm), typical inhabitants of the tundra are arctic fox, musk ox, lemming, snowy owl, partridge, loon.
- The fauna of the Tundra is poor in the number of species. Only a few of them have adapted to the existence in harsh winter conditions and do not leave the tundra all year round. These are lemmings, white hare, arctic fox, wolf, white partridge, snowy owl. In winter, the reindeer migrates from the tundra to the forest-tundra, where the winds are not so strong, so the snow is less dense and it is easier to get reindeer moss from under it.
- Taiga is the most extensive natural zone of Russia, it accounts for over 60% of the area of Russia. Fur-bearing animals are widespread within the taiga - sable, squirrel, marten, ermine, chipmunk; inhabited by elk, brown bear, wolverine, wolf, muskrat, lynx.
- Roe deer, wolf, marten, fox and squirrel are characteristic. The fauna of the Far Eastern mixed forests is rich and peculiar - the Amur tiger lives here, dappled deer, raccoon dog, Manchurian hare, Far Eastern forest cat, pheasant, mandarin duck, etc.; very diverse insects.
- The length of the steppe from north to south in European Russia is about 20,000 km. Representatives of the steppe fauna are distinguished by their adaptability to an arid climate; characteristic are various types of rodents (marmot, ground squirrel, etc.), steppe wolf, fox and antelope (in the south), manula (in the steppes and forest-steppes of Siberia), steppe viper, saiga. The most common birds are the steppe eagle, kestrel, lark, gray partridge; bustards once typical of the steppe are quite rare.
- These natural zones occupy a small part of the territory of Russia and are located within the Caspian lowland. The fauna here is adapted to the dry continental climate. The jerboa, corsac, pelican, turtle, eared hedgehog live here; snakes and lizards are varied. Of the birds there is a lark.
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Flora and fauna of the Arctic
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Lesson objectives
1. Form students' idea of the natural zone of the Arctic deserts. To acquaint with the peculiarities of the nature of the Arctic. Show the influence of the natural conditions of the Arctic on the flora and fauna. Learn about the animals and plants of the Arctic. Identify signs of adaptability of animals and plants to living conditions.
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The Arctic (from the Greek arktikos - northern), the northern polar region of the Earth, including the outskirts of the continents of Eurasia and North America, almost the entire Arctic Ocean with islands, as well as the adjacent parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. There is an ice zone on the islands of the Arctic.
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The sun in the Arctic never rises high above the horizon. Its rays skim over the surface of the earth, giving it very little heat. That is why here is the realm of ice and snow. The climate of this polar region is very diverse. Cold gusty winds roam the silent expanses of snow. The islands are covered with a thick ice shell. Only in some places on the islands it is not there, but even here the land freezes many meters deep. The soil on the Arctic islands is almost never formed.
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But not only the islands are covered with a thick ice shell, but the Arctic Ocean itself. In 1932 the Northern Sea Route was passed for the first time. Therefore, caravans of ships regularly move along the important route. They are driven by powerful icebreakers.
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What a miracle - miracles: Heaven caught fire! Oh, it burns - a flame burns Above the sparkling ice! Who lit the wonderful fire, the golden bonfire of heaven? There is no one behind the cloud. It's light pouring from the sky.
(northern lights)
Winter in the Arctic polar night. For several months in a row the sun does not appear at all - darkness! The moon is shining in the sky, the stars twinkle. Sometimes there are amazingly beautiful auroras - like a multi-colored, iridescent curtain sways in the dark sky.
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Summer in the Arctic is very short. The polar day is set. It is as long as the polar night. The sun does not hide behind the horizon at all. But it occupies a very low position in the sky. The sun's rays fall so obliquely that they only glide over the surface of the Earth. Therefore, it is heated very weakly. Only the shores and the coastal part of the islands are freed from snow and ice in summer. The air temperature here at this time rises slightly above zero.
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Few living creatures have adapted to life in the difficult conditions of the ice zone. On the stones of the islands there are lichens, similar to scale.
But suddenly comes across a green ice floe. Where is she from? It turns out that there are tiny plants that can live on snow and ice. They are called SNOW ALGAE.
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K A M N E L O M K A
polar poppy
In some places there are SAXIFRAKE and POLAR POPPIES. To get more heat, their leaves are pressed to the ground. In saxifrage leaves are small, while in polar poppies they are cut into slices. This allows the plants to evaporate little water.
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In summer, many tiny green algae appear in the seas of the Arctic Ocean. They feed on worms and crustaceans. The accumulation of worms and crustaceans attracts a variety of fish.
brown algae
seaweed laurencia
Algae Spirogyra
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The strongest impression is made by "bird markets".
Bird markets are noisy gatherings of thousands of seabirds on steep rocky shores. From afar, one can hear the incessant discordant hubbub of its inhabitants. And close up, a striking sight opens up: countless large birds.
In our country, bird colonies can be seen on the western coast of Novaya Zemlya and in other areas of the Barents Sea, as well as in the north of the Pacific coast. They do not exist all year round, but only during the short northern summer, while the birds incubate their eggs and feed their chicks.
Guillemot nesting
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Dead end
Arctic tern
The rocky shores are almost entirely covered with auks, puffins, arctic terns, gulls, and guillemots. From a distance, their excited voices can be heard. Many birds do not build nests, but lay their eggs directly on bare stones. Sheer cliffs are a reliable refuge from predatory animals. Birds feed mainly on fish.
Loon
sea gull
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snowy owl
ptarmigan
With the onset of winter, all birds fly away to warmer climes. Only white partridges and snowy owls remain in the Arctic. Partridges feed on bush buds, and snowy owls prey on partridges. From the cold of birds protect the subcutaneous layer of fat and thick plumage.
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Walrus
striped seal
harp seal
Among the ice of the Arctic Ocean, there are seals and walruses. They spend most of their time in the water, so they are well adapted for swimming and diving. They forage in the water, and rest and raise their cubs on land or on ice floes. Walruses and seals are kept from freezing by a thick layer of subcutaneous fat. Seals feed mainly on fish. And the walrus is also edible mollusks from the shells, since it has strong lips that allow them to be sucked.
Look at the picture and explain how a walrus is different from a seal.
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White bears
Polar bears roam the icy expanses in search of food. The polar bear is a predator. It is remarkably adapted to the conditions of the Arctic. Thick long hair, wide paws, white fur... What is the significance of all this in the life of a polar bear? Male polar bears roam the ice all year round. And females, future mothers, lie down in snow dens for the winter. Here, in the dead of winter, tiny cubs are born. In the den, frosts and winds are not terrible for cubs. Mother feeds with milk, warms. When the cubs grow up and leave the den together with their mother, the bear will teach them to fish, and then seals.
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northern whale
humpback whale
Huge sea animals live in the expanses of the ocean - WHALES, which feed on small crustaceans. One of the species is the bowhead or northern whale. It reaches a length of 15-18 meters. Like many other whales, instead of teeth, it has special plates in its mouth - “whalebone”. They serve to get food.
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Arctic reserve. Located on Wrangel Island, it was organized in 1976. The island is home to the largest of the ungulates of the Arctic - the musk ox, or musk ox, brought to the reserve from America. This beast in the distant past lived on the territory of our country, but then disappeared. It survived in North America. And now scientists have again decided to settle him on Wrangel Island.
After examining it in the figure, guess why it is called that.
The musk ox is similar to bulls, but stands closer to mountain sheep. Very thick and long hairline. The horns are very thick, curved at the base. Both females and males have horns. It feeds on lichens, mosses and herbaceous vegetation.
musk ox
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One of the rare animals of the Arctic is the arctic fox. The color of the polar fox is both black and bluish-gray and light gray. True, for the most part, arctic foxes are entirely white, only there are black hairs at the tip of the tail. Arctic foxes have perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic. In the summer they feed on small rodents, and in the winter they pick up leftovers from the polar bear's lunch. They get sea fish thrown by the waves, sea urchins, dead seal cubs. Seabird colonies are a source of eggs and chicks.
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Outcome
The Arctic is the realm of ice and snow The Arctic is the realm of ice and snow
Geographical position Arctic Ocean Northern seas Islands
Illumination polar day and polar night northern lights
Flora lichens and mosses polar poppy saxifrage
Animal world crustaceans and fish auks, puffins, ptarmigan, snowy owl, murre, polar bears, seals, walruses
"Natural zones on the territory of Russia" - Semi-deserts and deserts. Steppe. The organic matter found in the soil. Treeless zone of the temperate zone with a predominance of grasses. Guess the animal. Taiga zone. Natural zones of Russia. Arctic deserts. The zone is located on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Find the extra. Temperate forest zone dominated by coniferous trees.
"Deserts and semi-deserts of Russia" - Practical work "Business card" of the zone of semi-deserts and deserts. Determine the degree of stability of semi-deserts. Plants. Forest-steppes and steppes. Learning new material. The driest zone in Russia. Southeast of the East European Plain. Learning new material. Semi-deserts, deserts. The degree of stability is the least stable zone.
"Deserts and semi-deserts in Russia" - Features of the nature of semi-deserts. Deserts. Subtropics. Semi-deserts, deserts, subtropics. The Baskunchak salt deposit is located in the Astrakhan region near the town of Bogdo. subtropical plants. The Volga-Akhtuba floodplain is famous throughout the country for its watermelons and tomatoes. Large areas are occupied by orchards and vineyards.
"Forest Zone of Russia" - 5) Plants of the tundra ... 1) The tundra zone is located ... Seals, walruses, whales Arctic foxes, lemmings, wolves Camels, horses, cows. Checking homework. 7) They live in the tundra ... Mixed forest. What plants and animals would you like to talk about? Forests of Russia. On the Yamal Peninsula On the Taimyr Peninsula On the Kola Peninsula.
"Forest Zone Russia" - Aspen is widespread in Russia everywhere, but more often - in spruce forests, birch forests, oak forests. Almost half of the territory of Russia is occupied by forests. They dominate in the southern part of the forest zone. In the north-east of Russia, in Siberia, in the Far East, fir appears. Broad-leaved forests. Small-leaved forests. Gray alder is short-lived, lives only 50-60 years.
"Deserts of Russia" - Korsak and dzhuzgun are valuable desert plants. Far North Tundra Forest zone Steppes Desert. Saxaul. Jerboa. Geographical position. natural conditions. Summer in the desert is very hot. Let's check ourselves. Korsak. Plant world of deserts. Natural zones of Russia. Desert natural areas. In the desert there is a small fox - saiga.
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